ACD

Links

• https://acd.clld.org

References

Sections

• 1.1 Introduction
  • Conventions used in representing reconstructions
• 2.1 Introduction
  • Conventions used in representing reconstructions
• 2.3 The Landscape
  • Salt
• 2.8 Talking about space: terms of location and direction
  • ‘Away from a specified point’
• 3.1 Introduction
  • Conventions used in representing reconstructions
• 3.5 Wild plants of the coastal strand
  • Premna spp. (Verbenaceae)
• 3.7 Wild plants of primary lowland tropical rain forest
  • The forest floor
• 3.13 Other cultivated plants
  • Bambusa, Schizostachyum and_Nastus_ spp., bamboo, TP mambu, Bbambu (Poaceae)
  • Cucumis sativus, cucumber (Cucurbitaceae)
• 4.1 Introduction
  • Conventions used in representing reconstructions
• 4.2 Fish
  • Puffers, toadfishes and blowfishes (Tetraodontidae); porcupinefishes and balloonfishes (Diodontidae)
• 5.1 Introduction
  • Conventions used in representing reconstructions
• 5.2 People: gender, age cohorts and marital status
  • Unbound reflexes of POc *qata ‘person’
• 5.3 The human body
  • (p,pʷ)atu(k) (vs bʷatu(k))
  • Shoulder
  • Heart
  • Name
• 5.4 Bodily conditions and activities
  • Swallowing
  • Holding in the mouth
• 5.6 Posture and movement
  • Stand
  • Turn round
• 5.7 Physical acts
  • Washing and cleaning
• 5.11 Describing people: stature, temperament, emotion and evaluation
  • Bad
• 6.1 Introduction
  • The relation of the current project to previous work
  • Conventions used in representing reconstructions
  • The POc prenasalised obstruents
  • Blust (1978) on PEMP
  • Conclusion: so where did Proto Oceanic come from?
• 6.2 Kinship
  • Origins
  • Parent and child generations
  • Grandparent and grandchild generations and beyond
  • Marriage
• 6.6 Recreation: Music, song, dance, games
  • Conclusion
• 6.10 Tabu
  • POc *tabu and its reflexes
  • Property protection
• 6.12 Talking about speaking
  • Conclusion
• 6.13 Trade, exchange, distribution and transfer of possession
  • Reconstructing trade-related verbs
  • Conclusion
• 6.14 Counting: Numerals and numeral classifiers
  • Conclusions
• 6.16 Linear measurement
  • The span

Words

• PMP: qatep roof, thatch thatch of sago palm leaves
• PAn: SadiRi house post, pillar
• PMP: ba(l,r,R)a pen, enclosure for domestic animals
• POc: baRa fence fence, wall, enclosure
• PMP: balaŋa shallow earthenware cooking pot or pan
• PSHWNG: waip water container
• PMP: batuR plait, weave (mats, baskets +)
• POc: tiki plait (mat)
• PMP: buku node (as in bamboo or sugarcane); joint; knuckle; knot in wood, string or rope node, knot, joint
• POc: buku debt mound, knob; boil, skin sore mound, knob, joint; (?) elbow, knee mound, knob, joint; hill (?) node (as in bamboo or sugarcane); joint; knuckle; knot in wood, string or rope tie (a knot); fasten
• PMP: cukcuk, suksuk skewer
• PMP: kiRam axe or adze
• PAn: Sasaq whet, sharpen
• PMP: lumuk (hair, skin) oily
• PAn: CuSuR string together (beads +)
• PMP: tambuRi(q) conch shell trumpet
• PAn: qauR bamboo sp.
• PMP: qulun-an place where one rests the head: wooden headrest
• POc: quluŋ-an rest the head on; wooden headrest
• PAn: qumah swidden; work a swidden
• POc: quma clear land for a food garden, work in a food garden food garden garden; to clear land for a garden
• PAn: quCaN fallow land scrubland, bush
• PAn: tebaS cut, clear vegetation
• PMP: zeket burn (fields +)
• PMP: babaw upper surface, top; above; highlands weed (a garden +)
• POc: papo weed (a garden +)
• PMP: hasek dibble, plant seeds with a dibble stick
• POc: asok plant in holes in the ground to sniff, kiss
• PMP: kambuR sprinkle, scatter (seed +)
• PEOc: palo wither, wilt
• PAn: buCbuC pull up (weeds +), pluck (feathers +)
• POc: paRi cut or lop off branches generic term for cat’s cradle ray (generic) stingray
• PAn: Sapuy fire
• PMP: usuq rub, wipe
• PMP: aluten firebrand, unconsumed wood in a fire; charred wood
• PAn: qabu ash, cinder, powder ashes
• PMP: qapit pinch or squeeze between two surfaces
• PAn: CuNuh roast food over a fire
• PAn: nasuk, Nasu cook by boiling
• PAn: ma-qataq raw, unripe
• POc: mataq raw, unripe, new, green
• PAn: qamataq raw, uncooked
• PAn: qataq eat s.t. raw
• PAn: qetaq eat s.t. raw
• PMP: (ma-)qesak ripe, cooked, ready to eat
• PAn: Capa smoke fish or meat for preservation
• PMP: pa[ka]-qasu (fire) smoke smoke, fumigate
• PMP: gasgas scratch
• PMP: karis scratch mark
• PCEMP: isi peel, strip off; scrape (coconut)
• PMP: le(c,s)it squeeze out, squirt out
• PMP: quli knead, mix together
• PMP: lawa(n,q) k.o. fishnet
• PMP: buliq cowrie shell
• PMP: hapen fishing line
• POc: apon fishing line
• PCEMP: paniŋ bait; fodder
• PAn: bubu conical bamboo basket trap for fish grandparent, grandchild
• PMP: saet spear
• PMP: baŋkaw barbless spear
• PAn: busuR hunting bow
• PAn: deles bowstring
• PMP: bulit, pulit caulk, fill up a hole or crack with viscous material
• PAn: karut scrape, rasp
• PAn: keskes scratch, scrape
• PMP: bulu body hair, fur, feather, down, floss wash wash the hands
• PMP: utus break under tension, as a rope
• POc: paRi[-] cut or lop off branches
• PEOc: polos, polos-i cut across, sever
• PMP: peka separate, disconnect
• PMP: qiris cut, slice
• PMP: Risi[q] tear, split, cut
• PMP: belaq split (s.t.); part of something split
• PMP: biseqak split
• PMP: wakaq split
• Tolai: ir leaf of the croton split, of small things
• POc: paRo[-] drill through, pierce, perforate
• PAn: buNuq throw at, hit with a projectile
• PMP: bunuq throw at, hit, strike with a sharp object; kill; extinguish (a fire)
• PAn: tuqtuq hammer, pound, crush
• PMP: buTuk knock, pound, beat
• PMP: mekmek broken to bits
• PMP: ra(m)bek strike, break
• PMP: kinit pinch, nip, pluck
• PMP: kemes take in the hand, clasp, grasp
• PMP: wirit twist
• PMP: qatuR pave with stones; pile or stack up, arrange, order, put in sequence
• PMP: duŋduŋ sheltered as from wind, rain or sun
• PMP: ijuŋ, ujuŋ nose
• PMP: qutan small wild herbaceous plants; scrubland, bush
• PMP: pitak mud
• PAn: Cebuj spring of water
• PMP: tebuR, tubuR spring of water
• PMP: punaŋ source, origin
• PMP: budaq foam, bubbles, lather, scum, froth
• POc: pura(q), pura-pura(q) bubble up, as spring of water spring; foam, bubbles, bubble up
• PAn: qapuR lime, calcium
• PAn: qenay sand
• POc: qone sand, sandy beach
• PMP: qenay qenay sandy
• PMP: ma-qasin salty
• PAn: qasiRa salt
• PMP: luten firewood
• PMP: aliten, aluten charred wood (?) firebrand unconsumed wood in a fire
• PMP: ninih shake, tremble, rock
• PMP: uyuŋ shake; earthquake
• PMP: bahaq a flood; overflow, be in flood
• POc: pa(a)q overflow, flood
• PMP: wahir bahaq floodwaters
• PAn: ma-qañud adrift
• PMP: saliR flow flow, of water
• PAn: Nabek breakers, surf, waves
• PMP: qalun long rolling wave, swell, billow
• PMP: busa foam
• PMP: bujeq foam, bubbles, lather, scum, froth
• PAn: bujeq foam, bubbles, lather, scum, froth
• PAn: ma-qaCi ebb, of water in streams; low tide
• PMP: buŋa flower, blossom flower, blossom; to flower, bear flowers; first-born child; skin rash, prickly heat; speckled (offish)
• PMP: buŋa ni batu coral sponge coral sponge
• PMP: namaw sheltered water: deep place in a river; cove, harbour, lagoon
• PMP: sawaq channel
• PMP: ibut breeze, draught of wind
• PAn: SabaRat south wind
• PMP: habaRat west monsoon
• Nauna: eul wind
• Penchal: aul wind
• Pak: ouh wind
• PMP: rendeŋ wet season
• PMP: kila(p,b) flash, sparkle
• PMP: guruq noise, tumult
• PAn: qajaw, qalejaw sun, daylight
• PAn: daqaNi day
• PAn: bulaN moon, month; menstruation
• POc: pulan moon, month
• PAn: bituqen star
• PMP: mantalaq the morning (evening) star: Venus
• PMP: buluq a constellation, the Pleiades
• PMP: sa(ŋ)kay catch a ride, ride on something
• PMP: qitik small, little; few
• PAn: diki[t,q] little, few, small in amount
• PMP: lawa wide
• PMP: belaj spread out to dry
• PAn: baqeRuh new new; bachelor
• PAn: CuqaS mature, elder
• PMP: [ma]qitem black, deep blue
• PMP: ma-putiq white, light in colour
• PMP: biRiŋ dark hue, dark red (?)
• PMP: da(m)paD flat, level
• PAn: ma-dalis smooth, slippery
• POc: mʷane-mʷane straight, direct; flat, level
• POc: wane-wane straight, direct; flat, level
• POc: mapat heavy
• PMP: [ma]Raqan light in weight
• PMP: ba(ŋ)kas swift, strong, energetic, fast
• POc: paka(s) have strength, energy
• PMP: la(ŋ)kas spirited, energetic
• POc: laga(s) spirited, energetic
• PMP: [ma]lumu soft, tender, gentle
• PAn: besuR satisfied from having eaten enough, satiated
• PMP: [ma]panas be/become warm, hot (of fire, sun, fever, water)
• PMP: maN-qinit hot, warm hot, warm
• PAn: i g:locative
• PAn: aCas high, tall
• PMP: babaq lower surface, bottom, underside
• PMP: puqun base of tree; source, origin beginning, cause, origin, source, basis
• PAn: qulu head
• PCEMP: papaR cheek cheek, temple, side,
• PMP: balaŋ side, part
• POc: pʷala(ŋ) side, part
• PMP: baliw moiety; answer; oppose; partner, friend, enemy; opposite side or part
• PMP: sidiŋ border on, neighbour; peer, equal
• PMP: ma-udehi be last; be after or behind; be late, be later; future
• PMP: burit hind part, rear, back
• PMP: pai where?
• PMP: surup enter, penetrate
• PAn: maRi, mai come
• PMP: panaw fungus infection which produces light patches on the skin: Tinea flava or Pityriasis go away, depart, leave on a journey
• PMP: beRŋi night
• PAn: Rabi evening
• PMP: taqun period of a year
• PAn: ijan when?
• PMP: waRej vine, creeper
• PMP: bali(j,z)i (type of ?) grass
• POc: taliŋa generic term for mushrooms and fleshy fungi generic term for mushrooms and fleshy fungi; ear pectoral fins
• PMP: bataŋ stalk, trunk tree trunk, fallen tree, log; stem of a plant; body; corpse
• PMP: qulu head; top part; leader, chief; headwaters; handle of a bladed implement; prow of a boat; first, first-born
• POc: qulu- head; leader; hair of the head head, top part, hair of the head top part
• PMP: saŋa bifurcation, fork of a branch bifurcation, to branch bifurcation, to branch
• PMP: wakaR root
• PEMP: wakaR-i root
• PMP: dalij buttress roots
• PMP: waket mangrove root
• POc: puŋa flower, blossom
• PAn: buaq fruit
• PMP: puŋu bunch, cluster (of grain, fruit, areca nuts, etc.)
• PMP: qitiŋ bunch of bananas
• PMP: kulit-i to remove the skin ofs.t., to remove bark from a tree
• PAn: belit, bulit viscous, sticky
• PMP: qatay-qatay a climbing plant, Wedelia biflora
• PMP: kanawa Cordia spp.
• PMP: baRu Hibiscus tiliaceus
• PMP: huaR Flagellaria indica
• PMP: bitaquR Calophyllum inophyllum
• Bauan: vetau tree sp., Mammea odorata yielding a dye and a useful timber
• Mussau: tamanu large-leafed Calophyllum sp. found in the interior
• PMP: [q]aRuhu a shore tree, Casuarina equisetifolia
• PMP: anuliŋ Pisonia umbellifera
• PMP: qipil a hardwood tree, Intsia bijuga
• PMP: naRa Pterocarpus indicus
• POc: [bual]bual species of palm used for making spears and bows; palm-wood spear or bow, probably Caryota sp.
• PMP: biRuʔ fan palm, Licuala rumphii
• POc: piRu(q) fan palm, Licuala sp.
• PMP: niniq plant sp., Donax cannaeformis, used as material for making baskets
• PMP: laji tree sp. with poisonous sap, Antiaris toxicaria (?)
• PAn: quay rattan, Calamus sp.
• Sa’a: ue rattan cane
• PMP: qaRsam fern sp.
• POc: qasam fern used for tying and binding, Lygodium circinnatum
• PMP: qadamay Pipturus argenteus
• PMP: nunuk banyan, Ficus benjamina
• PCEMP: ima Pandanus sp. with leaves useful for plaiting
• Wuvulu: upu mature coconut with meat
• Seimat: up coconut
• Kosraean: uf young coconut
• Ponapean: ūpʷ drinking coconut
• PMP: para coconut embryo
• PMP: hutek brain, marrow
• PMP: buaq fruit; areca nut and palm; heart roundish or fruit-like object, including betelnut, Areca catechu
• POc: buaq areca nut and palm; heart betelnut, areca nut, palm, Areca catechu
• PMP: qauR type of large bamboo
• PMP: bituŋ, pituŋ bamboo sp.
• POc: bitu(ŋ) bamboo sp.
• PCP: bitu bamboo sp., probably Schizostachyum glaucifolium
• PAn: betuŋ bamboo of very large diameter, probably Dendrocalamus sp.
• PEMP: tuRi-tuRi candlenut tree, Aleurites moluccana
• POc: [ka]tim(o,u)n Cucumis spp. (generic?); cucumber, Cucumis sativus
• Gitua: karimon cucumber
• Motu: asemo small wild cucumber, Cucumis sp.
• PAn: Sikan fish
• PMP: hikan fish
• PAn: paRiS stingray
• PMP: paRih manuk ? ray
• PMP: bulan-bulan a white fish, Megalops cyprinoides
• PMP: paya k.o. small fish, sardine or anchovy
• PMP: taRaqan Holocentrus spp., squirrelfish
• PMP: kanasay mullet
• PMP: qaRuas young growth stage of mullet, Neomyxus chaptalii
• PMP: qalu barracuda
• PMP: keRteŋ kind of striped or spotted marine fish, Epinephelus sp.
• PMP: baŋbaŋ fish sp.
• PMP: qatulay Trachurops crumenophthalmus, the big-eyed scad
• PMP: bilu[bilu] Caranx spp., trevally
• PMP: lajih dolphinfish
• POc: [oka]oka k.o. fish, possibly Lethrinus spp.
• PMP: tiqaw goatfish
• PMP: mutu damselfish
• PMP: mamin wrasse, Cheilinus spp.
• PMP: qumay unicorn fish, Naso spp.
• PMP: katawan fish sp.
• PMP: muquŋ k.o. fish
• POc: qalun Katsuwonus pelamis, skipjack tuna
• PMP: taŋiRi Scomberomorus commerson, Spanish mackerel
• PMP: saku-layaR sailfish, swordfish
• PMP: ñepuq stonefish
• PAn: biRaS roe, fish eggs
• PAn: quSaNap scale of fish
• PMP: panij wing
• PMP: kaRakap probably rock crab
• PAn: beRek domesticated pig
• PAn: peñu turtle
• PAn: buqaya crocodile
• PMP: tektek gecko, house lizard (onom.)
• PMP: nipay snake
• PAn: ikuR tail tail
• PMP: kuSkuS claw, finger, toenail claw, talon, fingernail
• PMP: Rebek to fly
• PMP: qupa hen, egg-laying chicken
• POc: binam hornbill
• PAn: qali-beŋbeŋ butterfly
• PMP: ŋiŋ buzz, hum
• PMP: nik-nik, ñik-ñik tiny biting insect: gnat, sandfly, fruitfly
• PMP: nek-nek gnat, sandfly, fruit fly
• PMP: bukbuk weevil that infests wood, bamboo, and rice; dust produced by the boring of this insect; tooth decay, dental caries
• PMP: qali-petpet firefly firefly
• PAn: Sipes cockroach
• POc: ipos cockroach
• PAn: qalu-Sipan centipede
• PMP: qalu-hipan centipede
• PAn: qulej maggot
• PMP: qulej-an have worms
• PMP: qulej-qulej lots of worms; crawling with worms, extremely wormy
• PAn: Cau person
• PAn: RuqaLay male, man
• PMP: [ma]Ruqanay male, man
• PAn: ma-RuqaLay male, man
• PAn: b⟨in⟩ahi woman, female
• POc: ñao widow
• PAn: Sabij twins of the same sex
• POc: apic twins of the same sex
• PAn: Sesi flesh, meat
• PMP: hesi flesh, meat
• PAn: CuqelaL bone
• PMP: tuqelan bone
• PMP: kiras scar
• PMP: bilat open the eyes scar
• POc: ipu- (head) hair; feather
• PCEMP: daun leaf, head hair
• PAn: qubaL grey hair
• PMP: quban grey hair
• PMP: bulu- body hair; fur; feather; down; floss on plant stems; color; type, kind hair, plumage
• POc: pulu- body hair, fur, feathers
• PMP: bulu-bulu hairy; hair-like growths; plants with hair-like growths
• PAn: huRaC artery, blood vessel, vein; muscle; nerve; sinew; tendon
• PMP: uRat artery, blood vessel, vein; muscle; nerve; sinew; tendon; fibre; vein of a leaf
• POc: uRat blood vessel, sinew, tendon
• PAn: quluh head
• PMP: quluh head; top part; leader, chief; headwaters; handle of a bladed implement; prow of a boat; first, first-born
• PAn: qulu qulu head-end, upper part
• PMP: batuk outer shell, skull skull
• PAn: LiSawa breathe; breath
• PMP: [ma]nihawa breathe; breath
• PMP: pasu[ŋ] cheek bone
• PAn: Caliŋa ear; k.o. tree fungus
• PMP: taliŋa ear; k.o. tree fungus
• PMP: ijuŋ nose
• PAn: ŋusuq nasal area, snout; mouth
• PAn: biRbiR lip
• PMP: bibiR lip; labia of the vulva; eyelid
• POc: [pi]piRi- lip
• PMP: (bahaq)bahaq mouth, opening
• PMP: baReqaŋ molar tooth
• PMP: qazay chin, jaw
• POc: [qase]qase- chin, jaw
• PAn: [qa]baRa shoulder
• PMP: qabin hold or carry under the arm
• POc: kapʷa belly
• PAn: qutiL penis
• PROc: ule- penis
• PAn: puki vulva
• PMP: teli, tila, tilay female genitalia
• PMP: baRa hand, arm
• PMP: pani(j) wing
• PAn: kamay hand
• PAn: ka-wiRi be on the left
• PAn: wanaL right (side, hand, direction)
• PAn: ka-wanaL be to the right
• PAn: taqu right side
• PMP: ma-taqu right side
• PAn: qaqay foot, leg
• PAn: waqay foot, leg
• PAn: tuduS knee
• PMP: tuhud knee
• PCEMP: turu knee
• POc: [m,b]uri (qi) (w,q)aqe heel
• POc: saŋa- crotch; fork (in tree), forked stick or branch fork (in tree), forked stick or branch; crotch, fork of the legs; span, fork of the fingers
• PMP: tuzuq point at, point out, give directions
• PMP: palaj palm of hand, sole of foot
• POc: pala(j) palm of hand, sole of foot
• PAn: baRaq lung
• PAn: qaCay liver
• PMP: qatay liver; seat of the emotions, inner self: core, mind, will, desire, feeling, intelligence, understanding; to want or wish; hollow of the palm of the hand or sole of the foot
• POc: qate liver; seat of the emotions
• POc: qasun gall, gall bladder, octopus sepia
• PMP: tambuni afterbirth, placenta
• PMP: tuli, tilu earwax
• PMP: biRas, biRaq semen, smegma
• PAn: qaLiŋu shadow, reflection
• PMP: qaninu shadow, reflection
• PMP: [ŋ]ajan name
• PAn: qudip life; alive life; alive
• PAn: ma-aCay die, dead; eclipse of sun or moon
• PMP: m-atay die, be dead; be unconscious, numb, paralysed; go out (of fire or light)
• PMP: m-atay m-atay to die in throngs; be on the verge of death
• POc: qait-i- have sexual intercourse with
• PMP: kiu[d,t,q] thrusting movement of pelvis, as in sexual intercourse; sexual intercourse
• PMP: pañaRu give birth
• PMP: kaen eat
• PCEMP: qentaq eat s.t. raw
• POc: [q,k]oda(q) eat s.t. raw
• PMP: ŋasŋas crush with the teeth
• PMP: ququs chewing on sugarcane
• POc: ñamu chew (betelnut)
• PMP: um-inum eat
• PMP: inum drink
• PMP: kaŋa be open, as the mouth
• PAn: SiRup sip, as soup or rice wine from a bowl
• POc: iRup sip (as soup), slurp
• POc: iRup-i- sip (as soup), slurp
• PMP: ñepñep drink, slurp, suck
• PMP: seRep absorb, soak up
• PAn: supsup sip, suck
• PMP: cupcup sip, suck
• PAn: pa-susu give the breast to, nurse a child
• PMP: bitil famine; hunger
• PCEMP: belen swallow
• PMP: tilen swallow
• PMP: kete[b,p] bite
• PMP: [ma]ŋete[b,p] bite
• PMP: gutgut front teeth, incisors; gnaw, bite or tear off with the incisors
• PMP: kemi hold on by biting
• PMP: eŋgem hold in the mouth
• PAn: qumuR fill the mouth with food or water
• PMP: emuR hold in the mouth
• PMP: muRmuR hold in the mouth and suck
• PMP: kumuR gargle, rinse mouth
• PMP: misik sucking noise made as a signal to another person
• PAn: hisep suck, inhale
• POc: isop suck up, inhale
• PAn: sedu hiccup
• PAn: CeRab belch
• PMP: teRab belch
• POc: toRap belch
• PMP: qutut flatulence; to fart
• PMP: ma-daRaq bloody, bleeding; menstruate
• PMP: supa(q) to spit, spittle, saliva
• PMP: qizuR saliva, spittle
• PAn: utaq vomit
• PCEMP: mutaq vomit
• PMP: miqmiq urine, urinate
• PMP: eŋap gasp for breath
• PMP: qaŋa[p,b] gape, open the mouth wide
• PAn: ma-Suab, Suab yawn; (N) yawning
• PMP: ma-huab (V) yawn, (N) yawning
• PCEMP: mawab (V) yawn, (N) yawning
• PCEMP: ma-mawab to yawn
• POc: ma-mawap to yawn
• PMP: h-in-ipi a dream; was dreamt by
• PMP: h-um-ipi to dream
• PAn: baŋuL wake up, get out of bed
• PMP: baŋun wake (s.o.) up, rouse (s.o.) from sleep
• POc: paŋun wake (s.o.) up
• PCEMP: malip laugh
• POc: malip laugh
• PMP: ziziq, zizir grin, show the teeth
• PAn: Caŋis to cry to weep, cry; mourn; beseech
• PMP: ŋuk, ŋuk-ŋuk grunt, moan
• POc: [ŋuk]ŋuk grunt, moan
• PMP: pi(n)tik throb, beat
• PAn: ma-Luka wounded
• PAn: baReq abscess, boil, swelling on the body
• PMP: mata ni baReq core of a boil
• PMP: bisul boil, abscess
• PAn: gaCel itch, feel itchy
• PMP: ma-gatel (be) itchy
• PMP: buteliR wart, cyst, non-purulent skin eruption
• POc: putiR wart, cyst, non-purulent skin eruption
• PAn: kuris scratch scurfy skin disease, scabies
• PAn: buqeni ringworm, Tinea imbricata
• PMP: buqeni ringworm, Tinea imbricata
• POc: puni hide, conceal s.t. ringworm, Tinea imbricata
• PAn: Luka sore, wound
• PMP: ŋulŋul arthritic or rheumatic pain
• PMP: belbel hydropoesia, bodily swelling caused by water retention
• POc: popo(l) hydropoesia, bodily swelling caused by water retention
• PMP: bileR cataract of the eye
• PAn: bulaR cataract of the eye
• PMP: zilak cross-eyed
• PMP: beŋel deaf
• PCEMP: beŋel mute, unable to speak
• PAn: buReS spray water from the mouth
• PMP: buRah spray water from the mouth; spray a mixture of saliva and masticated medicinal herbs on an ailing body part in curing
• PMP: tekas come to rest in a place
• PMP: tuqud stand
• PAn: qinep lie down to sleep
• PEMP: qenəp lie down to sleep
• POc: qenop lie, rest horizontally
• PMP: lakaw move, go, walk
• POc: pana go, move, walk
• PMP: aliq move, change place
• PAn: rakat walk
• PMP: rakat walk
• PMP: la(ŋ)kaq step, stride; omit or skip over
• PMP: panahik climb
• POc: tuRu(p) wade
• PAn: qañud drift on a current, carried away by flowing water
• PMP: uliq return home; return something; restore, repair; repeat; motion to and from
• PMP: um-uliq return home
• POc: mule return, restore
• PCEMP: oliq return
• POc: li-liu turn around, go back
• PMP: liu surpass, exceed
• PMP: betu appear, come into view
• POc: potu appear, come into view
• PAn/PMP: alap fetch, get, take
• PMP: alaq fetch, get, take
• PMP: qunzur thrust out, extend forward
• POc: qusur push, shove
• PMP: buhat lift, stand up, arise, emerge, begin, depart, carry; cargo; take something; take a wife
• PAn: suquL carry on the head
• POc: pʷa(p,pʷ)a carry pick-a-back
• PMP: sampay drape over the shoulder or from a line, as a cloth
• PMP: Rujan load a canoe; cargo
• PAn: SuLus withdraw, pull out, extract
• PMP: hunus withdraw, pull out, extract
• POc: unus, unus-i- withdraw, pull out, extract
• PCEMP: biriŋ stone, throw a stone at
• POc: piri(ŋ) stone, throw a stone at
• PMP: iliŋ pour
• PCEMP: liŋi pour
• PCEMP: bai(t) do, make
• PMP: quma swidden; work a swidden
• PAn/PMP: pasek wooden nail, dowel; drive in, as a wooden nail, dowel, or fencepost
• PCEMP: pasek drive in, as a stake; to plant (crops)
• PAn/PMP: qalep beckon, wave
• PMP: kaway wave the hand or arms; call by waving
• PMP: irid fan
• PMP: (q)ambit seize with the hands
• POc: qabi(t), qabit-i- take hold of, grasp
• PMP: cekep seize, grasp
• PMP: kilik tickle
• PMP: kirik, kidi, gidik, giri tickle
• PMP: ziuq bathe
• PAn/PMP: diRus bathe
• PMP: buRiq wash, as the hands
• POc: puRiq wash, as the hands
• PAn: bañaw wash the body
• PMP: bañaw wash the hands
• POc: paño wash the hands
• PAn: buLi hide, conceal
• PMP: buni hide, conceal
• PMP: kilep glance, glimpse
• PMP: kilat open the eyes wide
• PAn: Sajek smell to smell s.t.
• POc: asok-i- sniff or kiss s.t.
• PAn: qaŋeSeR stench of urine
• PMP: seŋet acrid, pungent, of odor
• PMP: maŋsit vile smell
• PMP: tamiq, tamis taste, try
• PMP: emis sweet taste
• PMP: kilala know (a person), recognise, be acquainted with; feel, perceive
• PAn: Caqu know how, be able to, be skilled at
• PMP: taqu know how, be able to, be skilled at
• PAn: nemnem think
• PAn: demdem brood, hold a grudge, remember, keep still
• PAn: ajem heart, mind
• PAn: ma-Lajam tame, accustomed to
• PEMP: molaŋ true, real, genuine
• PMP: bener true, righteous, honest
• PAn: piliq choose, select, pick out
• PAn: Lajam accustomed to, tame
• PMP: gila wild; insane
• PAn: ma-Seyaq shy, embarrassed; ashamed
• PMP: pian want, desire, wish or long for
• PMP: zaqat bad
• POc: tubu- grandparent, grandchild grandparent, grandchild
• POc: tama- father, father’s brother, mother’s sister’s husband father, father’s mother, mother’s sister’s husband, father’s sister’s son, father’s sister’s daughter’s son, father’s sister’s daughter’s daughter’s son
• PAn: ta-amax father
• PAn: amax father
• POc: mama father, father’s brother
• PAn: ta-ina mother
• PMP: tina mother, mother’s sister
• PAn: ina mother, mother’s sister
• PMP: ina mother, mother’s sister
• Rano: metuo- mother’s brother
• Arguni: yai mother
• PEMP: natu child, offspring
• Gane: tu child
• PMP: tumpu grandparent, grandchild
• PMP: umpu grandparent, grandchild
• PEMP: tampu grandparent, grandchild
• PMP: ampu grandparent, grandchild
• POc: abu[a] grandparent, grandchild
• PMP: bubu grandparent, grandchild
• POc: tuaka- elder s.s. sibling, elder parallel cousin
• PAn: kaka elder sibling
• PMP: kaka elder s.s. sibling
• PMP: tuRaŋ kinsman, relative (undefined)
• PAn: qasawa spouse
• POc: qasawa- spouse, husband
• PEOc: wati spouse
• PAn/PMP: b⟨in⟩ahi woman; wife
• PMP: hipaR sibling-in-law (probably of the same sex only)
• POc: ipaR, ipa- s.s. sibling-in-law
• PMP: tapuRiq conch shell trumpet
• PCEMP: buu conch shell trumpet
• POc: buu conch shell trumpet
• PAn: tulani bamboo nose flute
• PMP: tulali bamboo nose flute
• PAn: kuŋkuŋ slitgong
• PCEMP: wari sing, song
• PMP: ŋuŋ, ŋu(ŋ)ŋuŋ buzz, hum
• PMP: saRup to sing in unison
• PAn: pakpak to clap, sound of clapping or flapping
• POc: wali paint, smear, rub on
• PMP: cikep catch with the hands
• PAn: panaq throw s.t. at a target; shoot with bow and arrow
• PAn: qaLiCu ghost, spirit of the dead; owl
• PMP: qanitu ghost, ancestral spirit; nature spirit; corpse; owl; various plants
• PMP: ma-qudip living, alive; grow, flourish; fresh; heal, cure, revive, recover vital principle, soul, spirit; flame
• PMP: qan[i,u]nu shadow, reflection
• PMP: qatuan deity
• PCEMP: tambu forbidden, taboo
• POc: tabuna dehortative: “don’t!”
• PAn: paliSi taboo, ritual restriction; purifying rite
• PAn: damaR tree resin used in torches (?)
• PAn: bajaq tell, inform, ask, enquire, know, understand
• PMP: ŋeni beg, ask for
• ’Are’are: arami- permit, consent, allow
• POc: pelapela shout, exclaim
• PMP: kunu it is said, people say…
• POc: koron lie, tell a lie
• PAn: beli buy
• PCEMP: matay money, payment, medium of commercial exchange
• PEMP: wa(n)se divide
• PMP: pened stopped up, plugged
• POc: pani- give
• PAn: beRay give
• PMP: beRay give, present gifts to; gift
• PEMP: boRe give
• PAn: Cakaw steal
• PMP: takaw, panakaw steal
• PMP: ihap count
• PAn: isa, esa, asa one
• PAn: duSa 2
• PMP: duha 2
• POc: rua 2
• PAn: da-duSa two, of people
• POc: ra-rua two, of people
• PAn: telu 3
• POc: tolu 3
• PAn: Sepat 4
• PMP: epat 4
• PEMP: pat 4
• PCEMP: pati 4
• PAn: lima five, hand
• POc: lima five
• PAn: enem 6
• POc: onom 6
• PAn: pitu 7
• POc: pitu 7
• PAn: walu 8
• PAn: Siwa 9
• PAn: sa-puluq 10
• PMP: sa-Ratus 100
• PMP: sa ŋa puluq 10
• PMP: sa ŋa Ratus 100
• PMP: balu some, some more
• PAn: pijax how many?, how much?
• PAn: Si-ka-NML prefix for ordinal numerals
• PMP: i-ka-NML prefix for ordinal numerals
• PMP: zaŋan handspan
• PEMP: saŋa crotch, fork of the legs; span, fork of the fingers
• PAn: depah fathom
• POc: ropa fathom: with arms extended, length from finger tips to finger tips measure in fathoms
• POc: -ŋapa fathom